Measures of Unrecorded Economic Activity in Fourteen Countries

Occasional Paper 20 - MEASURES OF UNRECORDED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN FOURTEEN COUNTRIES

LIST OF TABLES

TIME-USE: RECENT MEASUREMENTS

Table A: Distribution of time between economic and non-economic activities, all persons (14 countries)
Table B: Distribution of time between economic and non-economic activities, by gender (14 countries)
Table C: Distribution of economic time between SNA and non-SNA activities, all persons (14 countries)
Table D: Distribution of economic time between SNA and non-SNA activities, by gender (14 countries)
Table E: Distribution of time among non-SNA activities, all persons (13 countries)
Table F: Distribution of time among non-SNA activities, by gender (13 countries)

TIME-USE: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

Tables G. Distribution of time between SNA, non-SNA and non-economic activities, all persons and by gender

Table G1. Great Britain: 1961, 1974 and 1985.
Table G2. Norway: 1971, 1980 and 1990.
Table G3. Bulgaria: 1977 and 1988.

Tables H. Distribution of time between SNA, non-SNA and non-economic activities, all persons and by gender

Table H1. Canada: 1961, 1971, 1981, 1986 and 1992.
Table H2. Great Britain: 1961, 1974 and 1980s.
Table H3. Norway: 1971, 1980 and 1990.

TIME-USE: CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISONS

Table I. Bulgaria and Finland, 1988.
Distribution of time between SNA, non-SNA and non-economic activities, all persons and by gender.

Table J. Bulgaria and Finland, 1988.
Distribution of time among housework activities, all persons and by gender.

Table K. Bulgaria and Finland, 1988.
Sharing of housework activities by gender: equality ratios.

TIME-USE: OTHER ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES

Table L. Bulgaria 1988.
Distribution of time between SNA, non-SNA and non-economic activities, all residents and by gender.

Table M. Bulgaria 1988.
Distribution of time among non-SNA activities, all residents and by gender.

Table N. Bulgaria 1988.
Distribution of time, over the life-span, between SNA, non-SNA and non-economic activities, all residents and by gender (1988 structure).

MONETARY VALUATION: RECENT MEASUREMENTS

Table O. Value of labour and value of production at cost of inputs, in non-SNAactivities (seven countries)

MONETARY VALUATION: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

Table P. Historical perspective. Value of labour and value of production, in non-SNA activities. (Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland and Norway)

MONETARY VALUATION: OTHER PERSPECTIVES

Table Q. Contibution of non-SNA activities to extended private consumption. (Bulgaria, Finland and Germany)

Table R. Contibution of non-SNA activities to per capita extended private consumption, in US$. (Bulgaria 1971, 1977 and 1988)

Table S. Integrated per capita extended private consumption in US$ and per capita total economic time. (Bulgaria 1971, 1977 and 1988)

APPENDICES

Tables T1 and T2. Effect of age lower limit adopted for the study: the Finnish and German data. (Appendix 2).

Table U. Effect of categorisation of transportation time: the French data. (appendix 3).

Table A. Distribution of time between economic and non-economic activities all persons (14 countries)

Average time per person.
Hours and minutes per day (h.:m.)

	Australia 1992	Austria 1992	Bulgaria 1988	Canada* 1992	Denmark 1987	Finland 1987/8	France 1985/6	Germany 1991/2	Great Britain* "1985"	Israel 1991/2	Italy 1988/9	Netherlands 1987	Norway * 1990/1	USA 1985
(pop.aged)	(15+)	(10+)	(10+)	(15+)	(16-74)	(15+)	(15+)	(16+)	(15+)	(14+)	(15+)	(12+)	(16-79+)	(15 +)
Time in economic activities (SNA plus non-SNA)
h.:m.	7:24	6:59 (a)	7:40	7:05	7:34	7:01	6:51(a)	7:21	6:52	6:16	7:01	6:01	7:13	7:20
%	31	29	32	30	32	29	29	31	29	26	29	25	30	30
Time in non-economic activities
h.:m.	16:36	17:01	16:19	16:49	16:25	17:00	17:09 (b)	16:39	17:08	17:44	17:03	17:59 (a)	16:47	16:38
%	69	71 (b)	68	70	68	71	71	69	71	74	71	75	70	70
Total time
h.:m.	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24
%	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

SOURCES:
Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics (1994).
Austria: Austrian Central Statistical Office (1994).
Bulgaria: Niemi and Anachkova (1992).
Canada: Statistics Canada (1993).
Denmark: Bonke (1994).
Finland: Statistics Finland (1994).
France: Grimler and Roy (1991).
Germany: [Germany]. Federal Statistical Office (1994).
Great Britain: ESRC Research Centre of Micro-social Change, British Time-Use Project (1994).
Israel: [Israel.] Central Bureau of Statistics (1995).
Italy: [Italy.] National Statistical Institute (1994).
Netherlands: Statistics Netherlands (1994).
Norway: Statistics Norway (1994).
United States: Maryland, University of (1994).

NOTES:
*: Our calculations.
Because of rounding off and because of transformation of time units, percentages may not totalise to 100 and time to 24 hours.
Austria: (a) Including travel time for SNA activities and excluding travel time for non-SNA activities. (b) Including travel time for non-SNA activities (0:25, 2%).
France: (a) Excluding travel time for non-SNA activities. (b) Including travel time for non-SNA activities.
Italy: Time in SNA activities without work travels is 2:51.
Germany: Time in SNA activities: of which: paid work (2:54), travel time (0:18), other job related time (job seeking, etc.) (0:04). Lunch break is not included.
Great Britain: "1985", actually 1983/7.
Netherlands: (a) Including "reading, talking with children; indoor and outdoor playing with children".

Table B. Distribution of time between economic and non-economic activities by gender (14 countries)

Average time per person.
Hours and minutes per day (h.:m.)

	Australia 1992		Austria 1992		Bulgaria 1988		Canada* 1992		Denmark 1987		Finland 1987/8		France 1985/6		Germany 1991/2		Great Britain* "1985"		Israel 1991/2		Italy 1988/9		Netherlands 1987		Norway * 1990/1		USA 1985
(pop.aged)	(15+)		(10+)		(10+)		(15+)		(16-74)		(15+)		(15+)		(16+)		(15+)		(14+)		(15+)		(12+)		(16-79+)		(15 +)
	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F
Time in economic activities (SNA plus non-SNA)
h.:m.	7:23	7:23	6:33a	7:18a	6:58	8:24	7:10	7:09	7:38	7:29	6:50	7:10	6:28a	7:09a	7:21	7:20	6:51	6:53	6:17	6:15	6:07	7:50	5:45	6:17	6:52	7:25	7:08	7:33
%	31	31	27	31	29	35	30	30	32	31	28	30	27	20	31	31	29	29	26	26	25	32	24	26	28	30	30	32
Time in non-economic activities
h.:m.	16:37	16:37	17:27	16:42	17:02	15:50	16:50	16:51	16:23	16:29	17:09	16:50	17:32	16:51	16:39	16:40	17:09	17:07	17:43	17:45	17:57	16:14	18:15	17:43	17:13	16:43	16:52	16:26
%	69	69	73 b	70 b	71	66	70	70	68	69	71	70	73 b	70 b	69	69	71	71	74	74	75	68	76 a	74 a	72	70	70	68
Total time
h.:m.	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24	24
%	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

SOURCES: see table A.

NOTES:
*: Our calculations.
Because of rounding off and because of transformation of time units, percentages may not totalise to 100 and time to 24 hours.
Austria: (a) Including travel time for SNA activities and excluding travel time for non-SNA activities. (b) Including travel time for non-SNA activities and non-economic activities (M = 0:25, 2%; F = 0:23, 2%).
France: (a) Excluding travel time for non-SNA activities. (b) Including travel time for non-SNA activities.
Italy: Time in SNA activities without work travels is, respectively, 4:14 and 1:36.
Germany: Time in SNA activities: including paid job, travelling because of work, other job related time. Excluding lunch break.
Great Britain: "1985", actually 1983/7.
Netherlands: (a) Including "reading, talking with children; indoor and outdoor playing with children".

Table C. Distribution of economic time between SNA and non-SNA activities, all persons (14 countries)

Average time per person.
Hours and minutes per day (h.:m.)

Australia
1992

Austria
1992

Bulgaria
1988

Canada*
1992

Denmark
1987

Finland
1987/8

France
1985/6

Germany
1991/2

Great Britain*
"1985"

Israel
1991/2

Italy
1988/9

Netherlands
1987

Norway*
1990/1

USA
1985

(pop.aged)

(15+)

(10+)

(15+)

(16-74)

(15+)

(16+)

(15+)

(14+)

(15+)

(12+)

(16-79+)

(15 +)

Time in SNA activities

h.:m.

3:17

3:25 (a)

3:50

3:41

5:10

3:33

3:03

3:16

3:29

3:11

3:08

2:06 (a)

3:37

3:38

Time in non-SNA activities

h.:m.

4:07

3:34 (b)

3:50

3:24

2:24

3:28

3:48 (a)

4:05

3:23

3:05

3:53

3:55 (b)

3:36

3:42

Total time in all economic activities

h.:m.

7:24

6:59

7:40

7:05

7:34

7:01

6:51

7:21

6:52

6:16

7:01

6:01

7:13

7:20

100

SOURCES: see table A.

NOTES:
* Our calculations.
Because of rounding off and because of transformation of time units, percentages may not always totalise to 100 and time to 24 hours.
Austria: (a) Including travel time for SNA activities (b) Excluding travel time for non-SNA activities. France: (a) Excluding travel time for non-SNA activities.
Germany: Time in SNA activities: including paid work, travelling because of work, other job related time. Excluding lunch break.
Great Britain: "1985", actually 1983/7.
Italy: Time in SNA activities without work travels 2:51.
Netherlands: (a) Excluding "travelling because of work". (b): Including "travelling because of work". Excluding "reading, talking with children; indoor and outdoor playing with children".

Table D. Distribution of economic time between SNA and non-SNA activities, by gender (14 countries)

Average time per person.
Hours and minutes per day (h.:m.)

Australia
1992

Austria
1992

Bulgaria
1988

Canada*
1992

Denmark
1987

Finland
1987/8

France
1985/6

Germany
1991/2

Great Britain*
"1985"

Israel
1991/2

Italy
1988/9

Netherlands
1987

Norway*
1990/1

USA
1985

(pop.aged)

(15+)

(10+)

(15+)

(16-74)

(15+)

(16+)

(15+)

(14+)

(15+)

(12+)

(16-79+)

(15 +)

Time in SNA activities

h.:m.

4:29

2:06

4:40a

2:17a

4:34

3:22

4:39

2:46

6:00

4:19

4:21

2:48

4:00

2:10

4:28a

2:12a

4:39

2:34

4:40

1:50

4:41

1:45

2:58a

1:13a

4:24

2:44

4:31

2:47

Time in non-SNA activities

h.:m.

2:54

5:17

1:53b

5:01b

2:24

5:02

2:31

4:23

1:38

3:10

2:29

4:22

2:28a

4:59a

2:53

5:08

2:12

4:19

1:37

4:25

1:26

6:05

2:47b

5:03b

2:28

4:31

2:37

4:46

Total time in all economic activities

h.:m.

7:23

6:33

7:18

6:58

8:24

7:10

7:09

7:38

7:29

6:50

7:10

6:28

7:09

7:21

7:20

6:51

6:53

6:17

6:15

6:07

7:50

5:45

6:17

6:52

7:25

7:08

7:33

100

SOURCES: see table A.

NOTES:
* Our calculations.
Because of rounding off and because of transformation of time units, percentages may not always totalise to 100 and time to 24 hours.
Austria: (a) Including travel time. (b) Excluding travel time.
France: (a) Excluding travel time.
Germany: Time in SNA activities: including paid work, travelling because of work, other job related time. Excluding lunch break.
Great Britain: "1985", actually 1983/7.
Netherlands: (a) Excluding "travelling because of work". (b): Including "travelling because of work". Excluding: "reading, talking with children; indoor and outdoor playing with children".

Table E. Distribution of time among non-SNA activities, all persons (13 countries)

Average time per person.
Hours and minutes per day (h.:m.)

	Australia 1992	Austria 1992	Bulgaria 1988	Canada* 1992	Denmark 1987	Finland 1987/8	France 1985/6	Germany 1991/2	Great Britain* "1985"	Israel 1991/2	Italy 1988/9	Netherlands 1987	Norway* 1990/1	USA 1985
(pop.aged)	(15+)	(10+)	(10+)	(15+)	(16-74)	(15+)	(15+)	(16+)	(15+)	(14+)	(15+)	(12+)	(16-79+)	(15 +)
Time in Non-SNA activities (a)
food related activities
h.:m.	0:48	1:16	1:04	1:10(a) 0:50(b)	1:04	1:08(a)	0:59	1:01	0:55 (a)	1:43	1:01 (a)	1:07	1:16
%	19	35	31	49 35	31	30	24	30	30	44	26	31	34
child care
h.:m.	0:32	0:19	0:26	0:13	0:20	0:18 (b)	0:23 (a)	0:24	0:42 (b)	0:15	0:14 (b)	0:37	0:23
%	13	9	13	9	10	8	9	12	23	6	6	17	10
adult care
h.:m.	0:11	0:07	0:02		0:09	0:04	0:05 (a)	0:03	0:04 (c)	0:05	0:02	0:11	0:04
%	4	3	1		4	2	2	1	2	2	1	5	2
textiles
h.:m.	0:19	0:26	0:19	0:07	0:19	0:25	0:23	0:13	0:07	0:28	0:11 (c)	0:20	0:17
%	8	12	6	5	9	11	9	6	4	12	5	9	8
upkeep of dwell./surr.
h.:m.	0:26	0:43	0:33	0:21	0:35	0:42	0:33	0:39	0:44 (d)	0:46	0:43 (d)	0:28	0:35
%	11	20	16	15	17	18	14	19	24	20	18	13	16
construction maintenance
h.:m.	0:12	0:12	0:11	0:28	0:12	0:14	0:21 (a)	0:12	0:02	0:03	0:21	0:13	0:09
%	5	6	6	19	6	6	9	6	1	1	9	6	4
management/shopping (c)(d)
h.:m.	0:56	0:06	0:27	0:03 0:23	0:36	0:30 (c)	0:47 (a)	0:41	0:22 (e)	0:11	0:38 (e)	0:27	0:34
%	23	3	13	2 16	17	13	19	20	12	5	16	13	15
gardening
h.:m.	0:26	0:19	0:13	0:02 (e)	0:03	0:24	0:25	0:09	0:03	0:13	0:19	0:13	0:07
%	11	9	6	1	1	11	10	4	2	6	8	6	3
unpaid work (community)
h.:m.	0:17	0:06	0:16		0:10	0:03	0:09 (a)	0:05	0:05 (f)	0:10	0:25	0:00	0:17
%	7	3	8		5	1	4	2	3	4	11	0	8
Total time in non-SNA activities
h.:m.	4:07	3:34 (a)	3:24	2:24	3:28	3:48 (d)	4:05	3:27	3:05	3:53	3:55	3:36	3:42
%	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

SOURCES: see table A.

NOTES: * Our calculations.
Because of rounding off and because of transformation of time units, percentages may not always totalise to 100 and time to 24 hours.
(a) For the detailed content of these categories, see Appendix 1.
Austria: (a) Excluding travel time.
Denmark: (a) Including shopping (i.e. all kinds of shopping. (b) Excluding shopping. (c) Excluding shopping. (d) Including shopping. (e) Data sampled in february.
France: (a) Excluding "purchasing everyday consumer goods". (b) Excluding: "accompanying children to their clubs". (c) Including: "purchasing everyday consumer goods" and excluding "phone calls to institutions". (d) Excluding travel time.
Germany: (a) Including travel time.
Great Britain: "1985", actually 1983/7.
Israel: (a) Excluding travels related to everyday shopping. (b) Including related travels. (c) Excluding related travels. (d) Including vehicle maintenance. (e) Including related travels and travels relating to everyday shopping. (f) Including travels related to adult care.
Netherlands: (a) Excluding: "daily shopping (groceries, etc.)". (b) Excluding: "reading, talking with children; indoor playing with children", "outdoor playing with children". (c) Excluding: "doing/ hanging out laundry"; "ironing/folding putting away laundry". (d) Including: "doing/ hanging out laundry"; "ironing/folding/putting away laundry".(e) Including: "doing daily shopping (groceries, etc.)".