Occasional
Paper 24 - ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA,
1945-1992
Table 1 | Table 2 |Table
3 | Table 4 | Table
5
Table 1.
Key Economic Indicators of Korea, Various Periods, 1954-92
(unit: percent, period average)
| Indicator |
1954-61 |
1962-73 |
1974-82 |
1983-92 |
| Real GDP growth rate |
4.1 |
8.7 |
7.1 |
9.1 |
| Manufacturing sector |
11.5 |
18.9 |
12.7 |
11.8 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| per capita GDP growth |
0.8 |
6.4 |
5.5 |
8 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| Share in GDP |
|
|
|
|
| - Agriculture |
40.9 |
32.7 |
19.9 |
10.3 |
| - Mining & manufacturing |
14.1 |
20.8 |
28.7 |
30.7 |
| - Other |
45.1 |
46.5 |
51.3 |
59 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Real export growth rate |
10.2 |
29.7 |
13 |
11.8 |
| Exports, as share of GNP |
3.3 |
13.8 |
31.6 |
34.9 |
| |
|
|
|
|
| Fixed investment/GNP |
10.5 |
19.8 |
29.8 |
32.4 |
| Current account surplus/GNP1) |
0.2 |
-4 |
-5.3 |
1.2 |
Note: 1) Current account surplus includes net current transfers from
the rest of the world.
Source: Bank of Korea, Bank of Korea Data, 1995.
Table 2.
Number of Students by School Level, 1945-65
(unit: thousand)
| |
|
Secondary School |
|
| Year |
Elementary School |
Total |
Middle |
High |
Higher School |
| 1945 |
1366 |
81 |
-- |
-- |
8 |
| 1946 |
2159 |
125 |
-- |
-- |
10 |
| 1947 |
2183 |
198 |
-- |
-- |
14 |
| 1948 |
2426 |
278 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| 1949 |
2771 |
322 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| 1950 |
2658 |
382 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| 1951 |
2073 |
267 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| 1952 |
2369 |
445 |
312 |
133 |
31 |
| 1953 |
2259 |
503 |
324 |
179 |
38 |
| 1954 |
2676 |
644 |
420 |
224 |
63 |
| 1955 |
2947 |
740 |
475 |
265 |
78 |
| 1956 |
2997 |
748 |
459 |
289 |
90 |
| 1957 |
3171 |
724 |
440 |
284 |
84 |
| 1958 |
3316 |
677 |
398 |
279 |
74 |
| 1959 |
3558 |
743 |
472 |
271 |
76 |
| 1960 |
3662 |
792 |
529 |
263 |
93 |
| 1961 |
3855 |
903 |
621 |
282 |
134 |
| 1962 |
4089 |
978 |
655 |
323 |
116 |
| 1963 |
4422 |
1030 |
666 |
364 |
105 |
| 1964 |
4726 |
1067 |
667 |
400 |
113 |
| 1965 |
4941 |
1177 |
751 |
426 |
106 |
Source: McGinn, et al. (1980), Table 3-11.
Table 3.
Trends of Human Development, 1945-90
| Indicator |
1945 |
1960 |
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
| School Enrollments (1000) |
|
|
|
|
|
| - Primary |
1366 |
3662 |
5749 |
5658 |
4868 |
| - Secondary |
81 |
792 |
1908 |
4167 |
4558 |
| - Higher |
8 |
93 |
200 |
616 |
1495 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gross Enrollment Ratio
(%) |
|
|
|
|
|
| - Primary |
--2) |
86 |
94 |
100 |
100 |
| - Secondary |
-- |
27 |
42 |
76 |
88 |
| - Higher |
-- |
5 |
8 |
16 |
39 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
| Educational Attainment
(1) |
|
|
|
|
|
| (% of population over
age 15) |
|
|
|
|
|
| No Schooling |
86.6 |
43.8 |
31 |
13.3 |
8 |
| - Primary |
-- |
36.2 |
39.1 |
28.3 |
16.1 |
| - Secondary |
-- |
17.4 |
25.3 |
49.2 |
61.9 |
| - Higher |
0.3 |
2.6 |
4.6 |
9.2 |
13.9 |
-- Not available.
Note: (1) Educational attainment at each school level includes the population
who had both complete and incomplete schooling at that level.
Source: Korean Educational Development Institute, Educational Indicators
in Korea, 1993; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook, various years.
Table 4.
International Comparisons of Educational Attainment of the Population
Aged 15 and over, 1960 and 1990
| Region/Economy |
Year |
No School |
Primary total (complete) |
Secondary total complete |
Higher total complete |
Average years of school |
| Developing countries |
1960 |
64 |
28.9 (10.1) |
6.2 ( 1.6) |
0.8 ( 0.4) |
2.05 |
| |
1990 |
39.8 |
34.5 (12.0) |
20.8 ( 7.1) |
4.8 ( 2.3) |
4.43 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| All OECD countries |
1960 |
5 |
57.2 (33.3) |
31.0 (11.6) |
6.8 ( 3.0) |
7.05 |
| |
1990 |
4.5 |
32.6 (16.0) |
41.3 (15.3) |
21.6 (10.2) |
9.02 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Economy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Korea |
1960 |
43.8 |
36.2 (32.4) |
17.4 ( 7.7) |
2.6 ( 1.4) |
4.25 |
| |
1990 |
8 |
16.1 (15.5) |
61.9 (44.7) |
13.9 ( 6.4) |
9.94 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Argentina |
1960 |
10.2 |
71.8 (19.5) |
4.8 ( 5.4) |
3.2 ( 1.2) |
5.25 |
| |
1990 |
4.8 |
51.2 (32.0) |
30.7 (10.0) |
13.2 ( 5.1) |
8.13 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brazil |
1960 |
47.5 |
37.2 (10.1) |
14.3 ( 4.6) |
1.0 ( 0.5) |
2.76 |
| |
1990 |
18.7 |
63.9 ( 6.9) |
11.3 ( 3.6) |
6.1 ( 3.0) |
3.81 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hong Kong |
1960 |
29.7 |
45.1 (21.2) |
21.0 ( 9.0) |
4.3 ( 2.2) |
5.17 |
| |
1990 |
12.8 |
25.1 (13.1) |
50.8 (31.6) |
11.2 ( 5.3) |
9.15 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Singapore |
1960 |
46.2 |
21.3 ( 8.5) |
32.5 ( 9.4) |
0.0 ( 0.0) |
4.33 |
| |
1990 |
19 |
41.9 (16.7) |
34.8 (10.0) |
4.3 ( 1.6) |
6.08 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Taiwan |
1960 |
37.3 |
42.6 (15.3) |
16.3 ( 3.5) |
3.8 ( 1.7) |
3.87 |
| |
1990 |
12.4 |
29.6 (16.6) |
43.8 (18.7) |
14.2 ( 5.0) |
7.98 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Japan |
1960 |
2.4 |
47.2 (22.8) |
44.8 (26.9) |
5.6 ( 2.7) |
7.78 |
| |
1990 |
0.2 |
32.1 (14.7) |
50.0 (13.8) |
17.7 ( 9.3) |
8.98 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| U. S. |
1960 |
1.1 |
37.6 (17.6) |
46.7 (16.5) |
14.5 ( 7.0) |
8.53 |
Note: Average years of schooling is a sum of percentage of the population
at each level of schooling weighted by the duration of each school. Source:
Barro and Lee (1996).
Table 5.
Mathematics and Science Test Scores of 13-Year-Olds, 1991
| |
Subject |
|
| Country |
Mathematics |
Science |
| China |
80.2 |
67.2 |
| Korea |
73.4 |
77.5 |
| Taiwan |
72.7 |
75.6 |
| Switzerland |
70.8 |
73.7 |
| Former Soviet Union |
70.2 |
71.3 |
| Hungary |
68.4 |
73.4 |
| France |
64.2 |
68.6 |
| Italy |
64 |
69.9 |
| Israel |
63.1 |
69.7 |
| Canada |
62 |
68.8 |
| United Kingdom (England) |
60.6 |
68.7 |
| Ireland |
60.5 |
63.3 |
| Slovenia |
57.1 |
70.3 |
| Spain |
55.4 |
67.5 |
| United States |
55.3 |
67 |
| Portugal |
48.3 |
62.6 |
| Jordan |
40.4 |
56.6 |
| Brazil (Sao Paulo) |
37 |
52.7 |
| Mozambique |
28.3 |
-- |
Note: The tests were conducted for 19 countries by the International Association
for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA).
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
Digest of Education Statistics, 1993.