Table 5: Gender Inequality Index

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		Gender Inequality Index				Maternal mortality ratio		Adolescent birth rate		Share of seats in parliament		Population with at least some secondary education				Labour force participation rate
		Value		Rank		(deaths per 100,000 live births)		(births per 1,000 women ages 15–19)		(% held by women)		(% ages 25 and older)				(% ages 15 and older)
HDI rank	Country											Female		Male		Female		Male
		2015		2015		2015		2015	a	2015		2005–2015	b	2005–2015	b	2015		2015
	VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1	Norway	0.053		6		5		5.9		39.6		96.1		94.6		61.2		68.5
2	Australia	0.120		24		6		14.1		30.5		91.4		91.5		58.6		70.9
2	Switzerland	0.040		1		5		2.9		28.9		96.1		97.4		62.7		74.8
4	Germany	0.066		9		6		6.7		36.9		96.4		97.0		54.5		66.4
5	Denmark	0.041		2		6		4.0		37.4		89.1		98.5		58.0		66.2
5	Singapore	0.068		11		10		3.8		23.9		75.5		81.9		58.2		76.4
7	Netherlands	0.044		3		7		4.0		36.4		86.2		90.3		57.5		70.2
8	Ireland	0.127		26		8		10.4		19.9		86.8		82.2		52.4		67.8
9	Iceland	0.051		5		3		6.1		41.3		100.0		97.2		70.7		77.5
10	Canada	0.098		18		7		9.8		28.3		100.0		100.0		61.0		70.3
10	United States	0.203		43		14		22.6		19.5		95.4		95.1		56.0		68.4
12	Hong Kong, China (SAR)	..		..		..		3.2		..		80.9		74.7		53.4		68.5
13	New Zealand	0.158		34		11		23.6		31.4		98.8		98.7		62.4		73.1
14	Sweden	0.048		4		4		5.7		43.6		87.8		88.3		60.9		68.2
15	Liechtenstein	..		..		..		..		20.0		..		..		..		..
16	United Kingdom	0.131		28		9		14.6		26.7		81.3		84.6		56.9		68.7
17	Japan	0.116		21		5		4.1		11.6		93.0		90.6		49.1		70.2
18	Korea (Republic of)	0.067		10		11		1.6		16.3		88.8		94.6		50.0		71.8
19	Israel	0.103		20		5		9.7		26.7		87.3		90.3		58.9		69.4
20	Luxembourg	0.075		13		10		5.9		28.3		100.6		99.4		52.2		66.1
21	France	0.102		19		8		8.9		25.7		79.7		85.5		50.7		60.1
22	Belgium	0.073		12		7		8.2		42.4		80.1		84.7		48.2		59.3
23	Finland	0.056		8		3		6.5		41.5		100.0		100.0		55.0		62.1
24	Austria	0.078		14		4		7.1		30.3		98.7		99.2		54.7		66.0
25	Slovenia	0.053		6		9		3.8		27.7		96.5		98.3		52.2		63.0
26	Italy	0.085		16		4		6.0		30.1		79.1		83.3		39.3		58.1
27	Spain	0.081		15		5		8.4		38.0		70.9		76.7		52.3		64.8
28	Czech Republic	0.129		27		4		9.9		19.6		99.8		99.8		51.1		68.2
29	Greece	0.119		23		3		7.5		19.7		63.7		71.7		43.9		60.0
30	Brunei Darussalam	..		..		23		21.0		..		67.7	c	69.6	c	51.0		75.3
30	Estonia	0.131		28		9		13.1		23.8		100.0		100.0		55.4		69.5
32	Andorra	..		..		..		..		39.3		72.0		73.7		..		..
33	Cyprus	0.116		21		7		5.0		12.5		77.0		82.7		57.5		70.2
33	Malta	0.217		44		9		16.6		12.9		72.7		81.2		38.8		66.0
33	Qatar	0.542		127		13		10.7		0.0	d	70.9		67.8		53.6		94.2
36	Poland	0.137		30		3		13.4		24.8		81.1		86.9		49.1		65.3
37	Lithuania	0.121		25		10		11.0		23.4		91.1		95.6		53.9		65.5
38	Chile	0.322		65		22		47.8		15.8		76.1		76.9		50.7		74.6
38	Saudi Arabia	0.257		50		12		8.8		19.9		63.3		72.1		20.1		79.1
40	Slovakia	0.179		39		6		20.2		18.7		99.2		99.5		51.4		68.3
41	Portugal	0.091		17		10		9.9		34.8		50.8		52.2		53.6		64.2
42	United Arab Emirates	0.232		46		6		29.7		22.5		77.4		64.5		41.9		91.6
43	Hungary	0.252		49		17		18.0		10.1		95.6		97.9		46.4		62.5
44	Latvia	0.191		41		18		13.6		18.0		99.3		98.8		54.4		67.7
45	Argentina	0.362		77		52		63.8		37.1	e	63.5		61.4		48.4		74.5
45	Croatia	0.141		31		8		9.5		15.2		92.0		96.0		46.4		58.7
47	Bahrain	0.233		48		15		13.5		15.0		61.6	c	55.6	c	39.2		85.4
48	Montenegro	0.156		33		7		12.2		17.3		86.9		96.2		42.0		56.1
49	Russian Federation	0.271		52		25		23.4		14.5		94.6		94.7		56.6		71.7
50	Romania	0.339		72		31		34.6		12.0		86.1		92.2		47.6		64.9
51	Kuwait	0.335		70		4		9.8		1.5		56.8		58.1		48.4		84.5
	HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
52	Belarus	0.144		32		4		18.2		29.2		87.0		92.2		54.5		68.2
52	Oman	0.281		54		17		8.1		8.2		59.8		57.1		30.0		85.6
54	Barbados	0.291		59		27		40.7		19.6		93.0		90.6		62.4		70.7
54	Uruguay	0.284		55		15		56.1		19.2		55.0		51.6		55.4		76.3
56	Bulgaria	0.223		45		11		37.7		20.4		93.1		95.5		48.6		60.1
56	Kazakhstan	0.202		42		12		27.9		20.1		99.7		100.0		66.1		77.0
58	Bahamas	0.362		77		80		29.6		16.7		87.4		87.6		69.4		79.1
59	Malaysia	0.291		59		40		13.6		13.2		75.4		79.1		49.3		77.6
60	Palau	..		..		..		..		10.3		..		..		..		..
60	Panama	0.457		100		94		74.5		18.3		70.1		66.1		50.5		80.5
62	Antigua and Barbuda	..		..		..		44.8		25.7		..		..		..		..
63	Seychelles	..		..		..		57.4		43.8		..		..		..		..
64	Mauritius	0.380		82		53		28.5		11.6		57.0		62.0		46.8		74.9
65	Trinidad and Tobago	0.324		67		63		31.5		31.5		70.6		68.4		52.6		73.6
66	Costa Rica	0.308		63		25		56.5		33.3		54.5		53.8		46.8		76.6
66	Serbia	0.185		40		17		19.0		34.0		82.3		91.6		43.4		60.1
68	Cuba	0.304		62		39		45.6		48.9		83.9		86.7		42.6		68.6
69	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	0.509		118		25		26.7		3.1		66.8		70.2		16.2		72.7
70	Georgia	0.361		76		36		39.7		11.3		96.1		97.4		57.3		78.4
71	Turkey	0.328		69		16		27.6		14.9		43.5		64.8		30.4		71.4
71	Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	0.461		101		95		79.4		17.0		72.6		65.0		51.4		78.4
73	Sri Lanka	0.386		87		30		14.8		4.9		80.2		80.6		30.2		75.6
74	Saint Kitts and Nevis	..		..		..		..		13.3		..		..		..		..
75	Albania	0.267		51		29		21.7		20.7		90.2		90.5		40.3		60.7
76	Lebanon	0.381		83		15		12.4		3.1		53.0		55.4		23.5		70.3
77	Mexico	0.345		73		38		62.8		40.6		56.1		59.0		45.4		79.5
78	Azerbaijan	0.326		68		25		59.8		16.9		93.9		97.5		61.9		68.3
79	Brazil	0.414		92		44		67.0		10.8		59.1		55.2		56.3		78.5
79	Grenada	..		..		27		30.5		25.0		..		..		..		..
81	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.158		34		11		8.6		19.3		69.5		87.5		34.4		58.0
82	The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	0.160		36		8		17.6		33.3		40.2		55.6		43.9		68.1
83	Algeria	0.429		94		140		10.6		25.7		34.1		35.7		16.8		70.4
84	Armenia	0.293		61		25		23.0		10.7		98.5		98.1		54.9		73.6
84	Ukraine	0.284		55		24		24.1		12.1		94.3		96.0		52.2		67.4
86	Jordan	0.478		111		58		23.2		11.6		78.5		82.7		14.2		64.4
87	Peru	0.385		86		68		49.1		22.3		56.2		67.0		65.7		82.6
87	Thailand	0.366		79		20		44.6		6.1		40.9		45.8		62.9		80.2
89	Ecuador	0.391		88		64		75.9		41.6		48.2		49.4		49.0		79.7
90	China	0.164		37		27		7.3		23.6		69.8		79.4		63.6		77.9
91	Fiji	0.358		75		30		44.8		16.0		73.9		66.5		37.0		71.3
92	Mongolia	0.278		53		44		15.7		14.5		89.7		85.8		56.5		68.8
92	Saint Lucia	0.354		74		48		53.9		20.7		48.2		42.0		63.1		76.5
94	Jamaica	0.422		93		89		59.7		16.7		67.1		59.4		57.7		72.2
95	Colombia	0.393		89		64		50.2		20.9		50.3		59.6		57.9		79.8
96	Dominica	..		..		..		..		21.9		..		..		..		..
97	Suriname	0.448		99		155		46.1		25.5		57.7		56.8		40.5		68.6
97	Tunisia	0.289		58		62		6.8		31.3		37.5		49.9		25.1		71.3
99	Dominican Republic	0.470		107		92		97.9		19.1		57.2		55.5		52.3		78.7
99	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	..		..		45		51.0		13.0		..		..		56.3		77.2
101	Tonga	0.659		152		124		15.2		0.0	d	91.2		91.1		52.8		74.0
102	Libya	0.167		38		9		6.2		16.0		65.7	c	44.2	c	27.8		78.7
103	Belize	0.375		81		28		65.9		13.3		77.9		77.4		56.3		83.6
104	Samoa	0.439		97		51		25.0		6.1		77.8		70.4		23.1		58.0
105	Maldives	0.312		64		68		6.7		5.9		34.3		30.9		57.3		78.8
105	Uzbekistan	0.287		57		36		17.7		16.4		99.9		99.9		48.3		76.2
	MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
107	Moldova (Republic of)	0.232		46		23		22.6		21.8		95.2		97.3		38.8		45.6
108	Botswana	0.435		95		129		32.3		9.5		85.1	c	86.7	c	73.4		81.3
109	Gabon	0.542		127		291		99.9		16.0		62.3	c	45.9	c	39.9		57.5
110	Paraguay	0.464		104		132		57.4		16.8		46.2		47.0		58.1		84.6
111	Egypt	0.565		135		33		51.9		2.2	f	54.5	c	68.2	c	22.8		76.1
111	Turkmenistan	..		..		42		16.4		25.8		..		..		47.3		77.5
113	Indonesia	0.467		105		126		49.6		17.1		42.9		51.7		50.9		83.9
114	Palestine, State of	..		..		45		58.6		..		56.3		61.2		17.8		69.1
115	Viet Nam	0.337		71		54		38.6		24.3		64.0		76.7		73.8		83.2
116	Philippines	0.436		96		114		61.7		27.1		72.8		70.3		50.5		78.8
117	El Salvador	0.384		85		54		65.2		32.1		39.4		44.8		49.1		79.2
118	Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	0.446		98		206		70.8		51.8		49.6		58.7		63.9		82.5
119	South Africa	0.394		90		138		45.5		41.2	g	73.7		76.2		46.2		60.2
120	Kyrgyzstan	0.394		90		76		39.6		19.2		100.0		99.9		49.4		77.1
121	Iraq	0.525		123		50		84.0		26.5		35.8	c	55.5	c	15.1		69.7
122	Cabo Verde	..		..		42		73.4		20.8	h	..		..		53.2		84.2
123	Morocco	0.494		113		121		31.7		15.7		25.7	c	33.2	c	25.3		74.3
124	Nicaragua	0.462		103		150		88.8		41.3		45.7	c	44.1	c	49.1		80.3
125	Guatemala	0.494		113		88		80.7		13.9		37.4		36.2		41.3		83.6
125	Namibia	0.474		108		265		76.8		37.7		38.1		39.0		55.7		63.3
127	Guyana	0.508		117		229		88.0		30.4		68.1	c	53.2	c	41.8		77.2
127	Micronesia (Federated States of)	..		..		100		15.0		0.0	d	..		..		..		..
129	Tajikistan	0.322		65		32		38.1		14.7		98.1		88.2		59.4		77.5
130	Honduras	0.461		101		129		65.0		25.8		33.4		31.1		47.2		84.4
131	India	0.530		125		174		24.5		12.2		35.3	c	61.4	c	26.8		79.1
132	Bhutan	0.477		110		148		21.4		8.3		5.8		13.4		58.7		72.8
133	Timor-Leste	..		..		215		46.6		38.5		..		..		26.8		55.5
134	Vanuatu	..		..		78		43.1		0.0	d	..		..		61.6		80.5
135	Congo	0.592		141		442		117.7		11.5		45.0	c	50.0	c	67.1		72.6
135	Equatorial Guinea	..		..		342		108.7		19.7		..		..		71.3		92.0
137	Kiribati	..		..		90		17.2		8.7		..		..		..		..
138	Lao People's Democratic Republic	0.468		106		197		64.1		25.0		30.4	c	42.8	c	77.7		77.0
139	Bangladesh	0.520		119		176		83.0		20.0		42.0	c	44.3	c	43.1		81.0
139	Ghana	0.547		131		319		66.8		10.9		51.8		68.5		75.5		78.5
139	Zambia	0.526		124		224		90.4		12.7		52.3		48.9		69.8		80.9
142	Sao Tome and Principe	0.524		122		156		84.3		18.2		30.8		44.8		45.3		76.2
143	Cambodia	0.479		112		161		51.6		19.0		13.2		26.1		75.5		86.7
144	Nepal	0.497		115		258		71.9		29.5		24.1	c	41.2	c	79.7		86.8
145	Myanmar	0.374		80		178		16.5		13.0		27.1	c	20.0	c	75.1		81.1
146	Kenya	0.565		135		510		90.9		20.8		27.8		34.1		62.1		72.1
147	Pakistan	0.546		130		178		38.7		20.0		26.5		46.1		24.3		82.2
	LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
148	Swaziland	0.566		137		389		70.4		14.7		27.3	c	30.5	c	40.0		64.2
149	Syrian Arab Republic	0.554		133		68		39.4		12.4		34.8		43.4		12.2		70.8
150	Angola	..		..		477		164.3		36.8		..		..		59.9		77.1
151	Tanzania (United Republic of)	0.544		129		398		118.6		36.0		10.1		15.3		74.0		83.3
152	Nigeria	..		..		814		110.6		5.8		..		..		48.4		64.0
153	Cameroon	0.568		138		596		104.6		27.1		31.7		37.9		71.0		81.1
154	Papua New Guinea	0.595		143		215		54.8		2.7		8.8	c	14.7	c	69.6		71.0
154	Zimbabwe	0.540		126		443		109.7		35.1		51.9		64.7		77.8		87.3
156	Solomon Islands	..		..		114		48.4		2.0		..		..		61.1		73.5
157	Mauritania	0.626		147		602		78.6		22.2		11.1	c	23.5	c	29.1		65.3
158	Madagascar	..		..		353		116.2		20.5		..		..		83.8		89.1
159	Rwanda	0.383		84		290		26.3		57.5		10.5		16.4		86.4		83.2
160	Comoros	..		..		335		68.3		3.0		..		..		35.3		79.4
160	Lesotho	0.549		132		487		92.7		24.8		23.6		22.5		59.2		73.9
162	Senegal	0.521		120		315		78.6		42.7		10.2		19.2		45.0		70.2
163	Haiti	0.593		142		359		39.3		3.5		25.7	c	38.7	c	61.5		71.4
163	Uganda	0.522		121		343		111.9		35.0		25.9		32.1		82.3		87.7
165	Sudan	0.575		140		311		74.0		31.0		13.7	c	18.8	c	24.3		72.2
166	Togo	0.556		134		368		92.0		17.6		23.1		36.1		81.1		80.6
167	Benin	0.613		144		405		83.2		7.2		15.8		30.8		70.0		73.4
168	Yemen	0.767		159		385		61.5		0.5		15.6	c	33.2	c	25.8		73.1
169	Afghanistan	0.667		154		396		74.0		27.4		8.8	c	35.4	c	19.1		83.6
170	Malawi	0.614		145		634		136.2		16.7		14.9		24.2		81.2		80.8
171	Côte d'Ivoire	0.672		155		645		135.5		9.2		16.6	c	32.7	c	52.4		80.9
172	Djibouti	..		..		229		21.5		12.7		..		..		36.5		68.1
173	Gambia	0.641		148		706		113.0		9.4		25.3	c	39.1	c	72.2		82.7
174	Ethiopia	0.499		116		353		58.4		37.3		10.8		20.7		77.0		89.1
175	Mali	0.689		156		587		174.6		8.8		7.3		16.2		50.1		82.3
176	Congo (Democratic Republic of the)	0.663		153		693		122.6		8.2		14.5	c	35.0	c	70.5		71.8
177	Liberia	0.649		150		725		108.8		10.7		17.3	c	39.7	c	58.0		63.9
178	Guinea-Bissau	..		..		549		89.5		13.7		..		..		67.2		78.3
179	Eritrea	..		..		501		54.3		22.0		..		..		77.7		90.2
179	Sierra Leone	0.650		151		1,360		118.2		12.4		16.8	c	29.7	c	65.0		68.6
181	Mozambique	0.574		139		489		139.7		39.6		2.8	c	8.0	c	82.5		75.4
181	South Sudan	..		..		789		65.9		24.3		..		..		71.2		75.3
183	Guinea	..		..		679		140.6		21.9		..		..		79.5		85.1
184	Burundi	0.474		108		712		28.3		37.8		7.1	c	9.6	c	84.6		82.7
185	Burkina Faso	0.615		146		371		108.5		9.4		6.0		11.5		76.6		90.7
186	Chad	0.695		157		856		133.5		14.9		1.7		9.9		64.0		79.3
187	Niger	0.695		157		553		202.4		13.3		3.6	c	8.4	c	40.2		89.4
188	Central African Republic	0.648		149		882		91.9		12.5	f	12.3	c	29.8	c	71.7		84.6
	OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
	Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of)	..		..		82		0.5		16.3		..		..		73.6		85.9
	Marshall Islands	..		..		..		..		9.1		91.6		92.5		..		..
	Monaco	..		..		..		..		20.8		..		..		..		..
	Nauru	..		..		..		..		5.3		..		..		..		..
	San Marino	..		..		..		..		16.7		..		..		..		..
	Somalia	..		..		732		103.9		13.8		..		..		33.2		75.9
	Tuvalu	..		..		..		..		6.7		..		..		..		..
	Human development groups
	Very high human development	0.174		—		14		17.0		25.8		88.4		89.3		52.6		68.6
	High human development	0.291		—		36		27.4		21.6		66.9		74.0		56.5		77.1
	Medium human development	0.491		—		164		40.8		19.9		40.4		57.6		37.2		79.4
	Low human development	0.590		—		553		101.8		22.0		14.8		25.9		60.3		77.1
	Developing countries	0.469		—		231		48.8		21.0		51.7		63.4		48.7		78.2
	Regions
	Arab States	0.535		—		142		47.7		15.5		41.6		52.3		22.3		75.1
	East Asia and the Pacific	0.315		—		63		23.1		19.6		64.1		73.0		62.3		79.1
	Europe and Central Asia	0.279		—		24		26.6		19.0		78.1		85.7		45.4		70.5
	Latin America and the Caribbean	0.390		—		67		64.3		28.1		57.8		58.1		52.8		78.6
	South Asia	0.520		—		175		33.7		17.4		36.9		58.6		28.3		79.4
	Sub-Saharan Africa	0.572		—		551		103.0		23.3		25.3		33.9		64.9		76.1
	Least developed countries	0.555		—		436	T	91.4		22.3		21.8		29.5		61.5		80.9
	Small island developing states	0.463		—		204		59.0		23.4		55.2		58.2		53.4		72.7
	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development	0.194		—		15		22.4		27.7		84.2		86.9		51.1		68.6
	World	0.443		—		216	T	44.7		22.5		60.3		69.2		49.6		76.2

Note
a. Data are average of period estimates for 2010-2015 and projections for 2015-2020.
b. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
c. Based on Barro and Lee (2016).
d. In calculating the Gender Inequality Index, a value of 0.1 percent was used.
e. Refers to 2014.
f. Refers to 2012.
g. Excludes the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis.
h. Refers to 2013.
T. From original data source.

Definitions
Gender Inequality Index: A composite measure reflecting inequality in achievement between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. See Technical note 4 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the Gender Inequality Index is calculated.
Maternal mortality ratio: Number of deaths due to pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
Adolescent birth rate: Number of births to women ages 15–19 per 1,000 women ages 15–19.
Share of seats inparliament: Proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament expressed as percentage of total seats. For countries with a bicameral legislative system, the share of seats is calculated based on both houses.
Population with at least some secondary education: Percentage of the population ages 25 and older that has reached (but not necessarily completed) a secondary level of education.
Labour force participation rate: Proportion of the working-age population (ages 15 and older) that engages in the labour market, either by working or actively looking for work, expressed as a percentage of the working-age population.

Main data sources
Column 1: HDRO calculations based on data in columns 3–9.
Column 2: Calculated based on data in column 1.
Column 3: UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Group (2016).
Column 4: UNDESA (2015a).
Column 5: IPU (2016).
Columns 6 and 7: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2016).
Columns 8 and 9: ILO (2016a).