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@article{
  author = {Stockholm International Water Institute, Tropp, Hakan, Jagerskog, Anders},
  title = {Water Scarcity Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)},
  journal = {UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)},
  year = {2006},
  location = {New York},
  URL = {},
  abstract = {Water is scarce in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As Allan (2002) noted, the region basically “ran out of water in the 70s” and today depends as much on water from outside the region -- in the form of its food imports, for example -- as on its own renewable water resources. Continued water scarcities will affect the region’s social and economic potential, increase land vulnerability to salinization and desertification and raise the risk for political conflict around the limited water available. Groundwater is a hidden problem, since many countries extract more than is being recharged. This puts the region’s irrigated agriculture at risk and leads to saltwater intrusion in aquifers close to the seas. Weak environmental legislation leads to groundwater pollution, which further decreases groundwater quality throughout the region. In some cases, laws do not contain specific rules on solid wastes, hazardous chemicals, etc. A disproportionately large share of available freshwater is used in irrigated agriculture, but it is accompanied by an intensive use of fertilizers which also contributes to the water quality degradation through pollution and salinization. The Jordan River, for example, is in poor shape due to overuse of the upper Jordan by Israel and overuse of its tributary, the Yarmouk River, by Syria and Jordan. There is a great need for improved water resources governance, as well as improved water efficiency and productivity in irrigated agriculture.}
}

AU - Stockholm International Water Institute, Tropp, Hakan, Jagerskog, Anders
TI - Water Scarcity Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
PT - Journal Article
DP - 2006
TA - UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
AB - Water is scarce in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As Allan (2002) noted, the region basically “ran out of water in the 70s” and today depends as much on water from outside the region -- in the form of its food imports, for example -- as on its own renewable water resources. Continued water scarcities will affect the region’s social and economic potential, increase land vulnerability to salinization and desertification and raise the risk for political conflict around the limited water available. Groundwater is a hidden problem, since many countries extract more than is being recharged. This puts the region’s irrigated agriculture at risk and leads to saltwater intrusion in aquifers close to the seas. Weak environmental legislation leads to groundwater pollution, which further decreases groundwater quality throughout the region. In some cases, laws do not contain specific rules on solid wastes, hazardous chemicals, etc. A disproportionately large share of available freshwater is used in irrigated agriculture, but it is accompanied by an intensive use of fertilizers which also contributes to the water quality degradation through pollution and salinization. The Jordan River, for example, is in poor shape due to overuse of the upper Jordan by Israel and overuse of its tributary, the Yarmouk River, by Syria and Jordan. There is a great need for improved water resources governance, as well as improved water efficiency and productivity in irrigated agriculture.

%0 Journal Article
%A Stockholm International Water Institute, Tropp, Hakan, Jagerskog, Anders
%T Water Scarcity Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
%D 2006
%J UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
%U ,
%X Water is scarce in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As Allan (2002) noted, the region basically “ran out of water in the 70s” and today depends as much on water from outside the region -- in the form of its food imports, for example -- as on its own renewable water resources. Continued water scarcities will affect the region’s social and economic potential, increase land vulnerability to salinization and desertification and raise the risk for political conflict around the limited water available. Groundwater is a hidden problem, since many countries extract more than is being recharged. This puts the region’s irrigated agriculture at risk and leads to saltwater intrusion in aquifers close to the seas. Weak environmental legislation leads to groundwater pollution, which further decreases groundwater quality throughout the region. In some cases, laws do not contain specific rules on solid wastes, hazardous chemicals, etc. A disproportionately large share of available freshwater is used in irrigated agriculture, but it is accompanied by an intensive use of fertilizers which also contributes to the water quality degradation through pollution and salinization. The Jordan River, for example, is in poor shape due to overuse of the upper Jordan by Israel and overuse of its tributary, the Yarmouk River, by Syria and Jordan. There is a great need for improved water resources governance, as well as improved water efficiency and productivity in irrigated agriculture.

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Stockholm International Water Institute, Tropp, Hakan, Jagerskog, Anders
TI  - Water Scarcity Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
PY  - 2006
JF  - UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
UR  - ,
AB  - Water is scarce in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As Allan (2002) noted, the region basically “ran out of water in the 70s” and today depends as much on water from outside the region -- in the form of its food imports, for example -- as on its own renewable water resources. Continued water scarcities will affect the region’s social and economic potential, increase land vulnerability to salinization and desertification and raise the risk for political conflict around the limited water available. Groundwater is a hidden problem, since many countries extract more than is being recharged. This puts the region’s irrigated agriculture at risk and leads to saltwater intrusion in aquifers close to the seas. Weak environmental legislation leads to groundwater pollution, which further decreases groundwater quality throughout the region. In some cases, laws do not contain specific rules on solid wastes, hazardous chemicals, etc. A disproportionately large share of available freshwater is used in irrigated agriculture, but it is accompanied by an intensive use of fertilizers which also contributes to the water quality degradation through pollution and salinization. The Jordan River, for example, is in poor shape due to overuse of the upper Jordan by Israel and overuse of its tributary, the Yarmouk River, by Syria and Jordan. There is a great need for improved water resources governance, as well as improved water efficiency and productivity in irrigated agriculture.

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Water Scarcity Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
AU  - Stockholm International Water Institute, Tropp, Hakan, Jagerskog, Anders
PY  - 2006
JF  - UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
UR  - ,
AB  - Water is scarce in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. As Allan (2002) noted, the region basically “ran out of water in the 70s” and today depends as much on water from outside the region -- in the form of its food imports, for example -- as on its own renewable water resources. Continued water scarcities will affect the region’s social and economic potential, increase land vulnerability to salinization and desertification and raise the risk for political conflict around the limited water available. Groundwater is a hidden problem, since many countries extract more than is being recharged. This puts the region’s irrigated agriculture at risk and leads to saltwater intrusion in aquifers close to the seas. Weak environmental legislation leads to groundwater pollution, which further decreases groundwater quality throughout the region. In some cases, laws do not contain specific rules on solid wastes, hazardous chemicals, etc. A disproportionately large share of available freshwater is used in irrigated agriculture, but it is accompanied by an intensive use of fertilizers which also contributes to the water quality degradation through pollution and salinization. The Jordan River, for example, is in poor shape due to overuse of the upper Jordan by Israel and overuse of its tributary, the Yarmouk River, by Syria and Jordan. There is a great need for improved water resources governance, as well as improved water efficiency and productivity in irrigated agriculture.